Author's attitude / tone
An author's attitude or tone  is simply his or her feelings about the subject he or she is writing about. Writers express their attitudes through their word choices, sentence structures, and figurative language. Most author's attitude questions go something like this:

1. "The author’s attitude toward ___ can best be described as"

2. "Which best characterizes how the author feels about __?"

3. "The author of the passage would be most likely to characterize/describe __ as"

4. “The tone of lines 5-6 can best be described as”
 

Read the whole of passage carefully!

TIPS :

- After reading the passage , you can decide what kind of the author's attitude or tone (positive, negative, or might be neutral) from the chosen words that are used by the author in that passage.- And then you can be more specifically find out that if the author's tone is positive the vibes of the passage must be cheerful, happy, enthusiastic, accepting, passionate, joyous, if the author's tone is negative so the vibes of the passage must be disapproving,  angry, pessimistic, critical, suspicious, and many more.- Enrich your vocabulary mastery. The key is understanding the vocabulary because if you don't understand with the vocabulary used by the author's , you will be very difficult to find out the attitude or tone from the author.

Example :

Parents usually do not insist that their children learn to walk by a certain age. Parents feel confident that the children will learn to walk within a reasonable period of time, when their bodies are ready for such an undertaking. Teachers should adopt the same attitude when teaching children in school how to read. If teachers did this, children might learn to read much more quickly and experience less anxiety while doing so. 

(text is adapted from khan academy)

The author's attitude toward teachers who try to force children to learn how to read once they reach a certain age can best be described as…

A. Sympathetic

B. Accepting

C. Disapproving

D. Neutral 

E. Enthusiastic

Discussion  :

- The correct answer is C, disapproving. Word "should" on the third paragraph shows that the author suggest the teachers to behave same with the parents during teaching the children about reading, not forcing something to be learnt in certain ages. So, it can be concluded that the author's disagree with the teachers who force the children to read in certain ages 

- Option A is not correct because the author doesn't show the sympathy to the teachers who force the children to read in certain ages. 

- Option B is not correct because the author doesn't show the any acts of agreement to the teachers who force the children to read in certain ages. 

- Option D is not correct because the use of of word "should" by the author shows the clear side of the author's , not the neutral behavior. 

- Option E is not correct because the author doesn't show any enthusiastic actions to the teachers who force the children to read in certain ages. 

#materiUTBK2024 #LiterasiBahasaInggris#Authors_Attitude_and_Writing_Organisation

Author's Opinion
Author’s opinion is the way an author looks at or feels about the topic or the ideas being described. An opinion can also be called the author’s personal thought, assumption, perspective, or viewpoint that can be seen in the content and the language used in the text. To find the author's opinion, students have to read the text analytically in order to identify the validity of the information. By identifying words and phrases used in the text, students are able to find the author’s strong feelings either supporting or opposing something (a person, a group, or an issue).

Contoh Soal

BRAZIL BIG FOOD

(1). The long-established Brazilian diet, in common with the diets of other South American countries, can readily be improved from the nutritional and public health points of view. Indeed, it has already improved. Remaining faults in the Brazilian traditional dietary patterns can be addressed by a combination of fiscal and other types of legislation. This legislation should support cooperatives and family farmers, protect and stabilize the prices of healthy staple foods and ingredients, and make green vegetables and other fresh and minimally processed foods more attractive to produce. It should also reduce the volume of salt and sugar entering food supplies, either as raw materials or as contained in ultra-processed products. Programs of information and education at the national and state levels should be used to reinforce this legislation.

(2). The use of law to protect and improve food systems and supplies, and thus public health, may be difficult in parts of the world where governments have already surrendered the responsibility of governance to transnational and other corporations. However, in Brazil, protection of public health still remains a prime duty of government that has not eroded as it has in other countries. Two important principles used in legislation in Brazil add to the current conventional discourse about food, nutrition, and public health. First, access to adequate healthy food in Brazil is regarded as a basic human right that needs protection by the use of law in the public interest. Second, many improvements in Brazilian food supplies depend on sustained pressure on legislators exerted by energetic and often militant civil society organizations.

(3). Governments and other powerful and influential institutions, and also research and public health institutions, now need to examine and document the impact on South America of Big Food and Big Snack on public health, regional and national nature and culture, independence, and identity. This work must not inhibit the implementation of policies and actions that are needed now; importantly, once enacted, the impact of these essential policies and actions needs to be carefully monitored.

1. Which of the following best represents the author’s opinion of the often-militant actions of Brazil’s civil rights organizations?

A. These actions are excessive

B. These actions are necessary

C. These actions are counter-effective

D. These actions are misguided

E. These actions are dangerous

Discussion :

If there is a specific question refers to one keywords, just be focus with the keywords to ease and shorten you time durability in answering the question. In this question, the keywords is "the often-militant actions of Brazil's civil right organizations" which is stated on the last sentence of the second paragraph.

Look at the whole sentence , "Second many improvements in Brazilian food supplies depend on sustained pressure on legislators exerted by energetic and often militant civil society organizations"  which means "Kedua, banyaknya perbaikan dalam suplai makanan Brazil bergantung pada pada tekanan berkelanjutan pada legislator yang dilakukan oleh organisasi masyarakat sipil yang energetik dan seringkali militan”.

The improvement of food supply in Brazil depends the civil society organizations. So, it can be defined that the civil society organizations have a big impact and role to be included to that case. 

- Answer A is not correct because excessive means berlebihan. There is no indication that the civil society organizations do any action way too much (excessive)

- Answer B is correct because the acts did by the civil society organizations have an important impact and role or necessary.

- Answer C is not correct because counter-effective means tidak efektif. There is no indication that the civil society. organizations measured to be ineffective. 

- Answer D is not correct because misguided means sesat. There is no indication that There is no indication that the civil society organizations measured to be misguided. 

- Answer E is not correct because dangerous means berbahaya. There is no indication that the civil society organizations measured to be dangerous.

2. Which of the following types of evidence would best add support to the author’s primary conclusion on the Brazilian diet, as well as the primary reason given in support of that conclusion?

A. Additional data about the general public health in fast-food saturated countries

B. Examples of ways in which the displacement of family meals is an ideological issue

C. Discussion of the impact of family meal displacement upon religious practices

D. Dissagregated data about food and family mealtime practices by socioeconomic status levels

E. Examples of commercial materials that glamorize a lifestyle in which fast foods replica traditional family mealtimes

Discussion : 

The keyword in this question is conclusion or kesimpulan.  So, you need to be focused on the third paragraph. 

“Governments and other powerful and influential institutions, and also research and public health institutions, now need to examine and document the impact on South America of Big Food and Big Snack on public health, regional and national nature and culture, independence, and identity. This work must not inhibit the implementation of policies and actions that are needed now; importantly, once enacted, the impact of these essential policies and actions needs to be carefully monitored.“

So, the correct answer is E. 

#materiUTBK2024 #LiterasiBahasaInggris#Authors_Attitude_and_Writing_Organisation

Reference

When we read a text, we sometimes find certain pronouns like I, you, they we, she, he, it, them, us or pronouns that replace certain people or objects such as the children, the man, one, this, that, these, those. 

So, reference is a pronoun that refers to the objects or people that have been mentioned previously. The following lists are the examples of questions for the reference :

- What does the word “he” in the last paragraph refers to?

- The word “it” in the above sentence refers to . . .

- The pronoun “which” in the last sentence refers to …

And many more..

TIPS :

Just focus on the object and the pronoun that is being asked. This might be the helpful solution to save your time. 

The object must be in the same sentence with the pronoun.

EXAMPLE :

The old woman said that her daughter had been dead for many years and she was buried in a cemetery about an hour drive away from here.

1. The underlined word refers to . . .

a. cemetery

b. the old woman

c. she

d. the old woman's daughter

E. dead

EXPLANATION:

Jawaban yang benar adalah D, the old woman’s daughter. “Wanita tua itu mengatakan bahwa anak perempuannya telah meninggal selama bertahun-tahun dan dia dimakamkan di pemakaman yang jaraknya sekitar satu jam perjalanan dari sini”. Jadi, pronoun she yang dimaksud merujuk pada anak perempuan dari perempuan tua tersebut.

Opsi A kurang tepat karena pronoun she tidak merujuk pada kuburan. 

Opsi B kurang tepat karena pronoun she tidak merujuk pada perempuan tua, melainkan pada anak perempuannya. 

Opsi C kurang tepat karena she yang dimaksud tidak jelas kepada siapa.

Opsi E kurang tepat karena she tidak merujuk pada kata dead atau meninggal.

#materiUTBK2024 #LiterasiBahasaInggris#Reference

Main Idea/Topic Sentence
Once you have found the topic of the text, you can then find the main idea or the topic sentence. The main idea explains the topic being discussed in the text supported by the details in the following sentences in the text.

Text 1

Music can be an effective study tool. Some people say that music helps them to relax and to focus better on what they are learning. Some studies show that many students actually perform better when they listen to artists like Beethoven, and Mozart while studying.

The main idea is the first sentence of the text which is “Music can be an effective study tool” because later it is supported by the details in the following sentences that show the effectiveness of music.

In many texts, the main idea is commonly located in the first sentence. However, the main idea is not always supposed to be in the first sentence. For instance :

Text 2

It’s a bird, it’s a plane, it’s… Oh it’s just a leaf. What does that mean? It’s autumn! Autumn, or fall, marks the transition from summer to winter. There are several different ways to recognize this transition without looking at the calendar. For instance, if the leaves start to change colors, and fall off, this is a good marker that it is autumn. The temperature, in many parts of the world, will also start to drop.

The topic of this text is autumn because it is repeated and everything is referring to it. Moreover, the first sentence of the text is not the main idea. “Autumn, or fall, marks the transition from summer to winter” is the main idea because later it is supported by the details in the following sentences that show the transitions of autumn.

**Note : notice that topics are expressed as words or phrases, and main ideas are expressed in sentences**

Contoh Soal

The global number of confirmed COVID-19 cases surpassed 100 million on Tuesday. The actual number of cases is likely much higher, experts say, but cases have been underreported due to inadequate testing and contact tracing. More than 2 million people have died of the virus worldwide, including 420,000 Americans, but that number is also believed to be higher. There has been a sharp increase in cases since last summer — there were 25 million global coronavirus cases at the end of August, and that number doubled to 50 million by mid-November. The United States has had the world's worst coronavirus outbreak, and while the number of new daily cases has declined in recent days, the number of deaths has not; on average, more than 3,000 COVID-19 deaths are reported daily in the U.S.

source: https://theweek.com/5things/963332/more-than-100-million-coronavirus-cases-have-been-reported-globally

What is the main idea of the passage?

A. The United States had the world’s worst coronavirus outbreak.

B. The global number of COVID-19 cases keeps increasing. 

C. The number of COVID-19 deaths reaches dramatic rising. 

D. There are miscalculations on COVID-19 cases. 

E. No track of surviving cases are reported. 

Pembahasan :

Tipe soal ini adalah Finding Main Idea yang bertujuan untuk menemukan ide pokok dalam teks yang disajikan. Ide pokok biasanya terdapat pada awal atau akhir teks, jadi fokuslah pada kalimat pertama dan terakhir pada bacaan yang disediakan.z

Ide pokok dari teks di atas berada pada kalimat pertama, yakni tentang jumlah kasus COVID-19 yang mencapai 100 juta per hari Selasa. kalimat -kalimat selanjutnya menjelaskan ide pokok tersebut tentang bagaimana angka kasus semakin meningkat dan keadaan semakin memburuk.

Jawaban yang tepat untuk soal di atas adalah B (The global number of COVID-19 cases keeps increasing), atau angka kasus COVID-19 secara global terus meningkat.

Opsi A (The United States had the world’s worst coronavirus outbreak.) salah karena merupakan kalimat penjelas.

Opsi C (The number of COVID-19 deaths reaches dramatic rising.)</i> salah, karena tidak disebutkan angka peningkatan kasus kematian karena COVID-19 di dalam teks.

Opsi D (There are miscalculations on COVID-19 cases.) salah, karena detail mengenai salah hitung kasus yang dilaporkan merupakan kalimat penjelas.

Opsi E <i>(No track of surviving cases are reported.)</i> salah, karena tidak disebutkan kasus orang yang sembuh dari COVID-19 di dalam teks.

Jadi, jawaban yang benar adalah B. 

#materiUTBK2024 #LiterasiBahasaInggris#MainIdeaAndTopic

Topic

A topic is the word or phrase that everything in the text refers to. The easiest way to identify the topic of the text is by finding the repeated words or phrases.

Text 1

Music can be an effective study tool. Some people say that music helps them to relax and focus better. People listen to music for many other reasons as well. Music has been proven to produce serotonin, one of the so-called happiness hormones.

The topic of the text above is music. The word music, in this case, was repeated in each sentence.

However, finding the topic of the text can be more tricky. Sometimes the author will use different words that refer to the same thing. For instance :

Text 2

If you want to be accepted in your future college, Pahamify is the perfect solution for you. This company specializes in preparing study material that helps you with the knowledge you need. More than three hundred students have used this resource to help them be accepted to their future college.

The topic is Pahamify. Even though the word “Pahamify” is only stated once, the topic is repeated with different words such as “company” and “resource”.

#materiUTBK2024 #LiterasiBahasaInggris#MainIdeaAndTopic

Coherence

Coherence, generally, is the contextual appearance of the utterances in the text. More specifically, it is the contextual fitness of in the text that contributes in understanding the meaning or message. 

Coherence is achieved when sentences and ideas are connected and flow together smoothly. An essay without coherence can inhibit a reader’s ability to understand the ideas and main points of the essay.

Decide on an order for your sentences that will best develop the paragraph’s main idea. Your supporting sentences are raw materials. They will not make sense to a reader unless they are put in order.

Coherence focuses on the organization of the writing which includes how paragraphs are developed through patterns. As follows: 

Cause and effect: If narration offers a sequence of events, cause/effect essays offer an explanation about why that sequence matters.

Description: The purpose of description is to recreate, invent, or visually present a person, place, event, or action so that the reader can picture that which is being described. 

Process: Analyzing a process can also be thought of as “how-to” instruction. 

Analogy: An analogy is something that shows how two things are alike, but with the ultimate goal of making a point about this comparison.

Narration: The purpose of narration is to tell a story or relate an event. 

Problem/Solution: This type of academic writing has two equally important tasks: clearly identifying a problem, and then providing a logical, practical solution for that problem. 

IMPORTANT TO NOTE: Coherence focuses on how sentences within a text are sequenced in an orderly manner which cause them to relate to each other and adhere to the development pattern the text is using. 

SAMPLE QUESTION

Read the passages below, and then choose the best answer to the question. 

(1) The rise in personal debt in recent years is due largely to aggressive and unwarranted hustling by credit-card companies. (2) Between 1990 and 1996, credit card debt doubled. (3) Today it is still rising. (4) Credit cards with interest rates reaching nearly 20 percent are a remarkably lucrative part of the loan business. (5) Debtors pay an average of $1,000 a year in interest and fees alone, money that could instead have been used for a college or retirement fund. (6)Using subtle tactics to tempt unwary consumers to borrow, credit-card companies have led consumers to hold more cards and to fork over a bigger and bigger fraction of their income to the companies.

How does sentence 5 relate to the main idea of the paragraph?

A. Sentence 5 contradicts the main idea of the paragraph  

B. Sentence 5 elaborates the main idea of the paragraph

C. Sentence 5 negates the main idea of the paragraph

D. Sentence 5 emphasizes the main idea of the paragraph

EXPLANATION

The main idea of the paragraph:

The rise in personal debt in recent years is due largely to aggressive and unwarranted hustling by credit-card companies. 

Supporting details: 

(2) Between 1990 and 1996, credit card debt doubled. (3) Today it is still rising. (4) Credit cards with interest rates reaching nearly 20 percent are a remarkably lucrative part of the loan business. (5) Debtors pay an average of $1,000 a year in interest and fees alone, money that could instead have been used for a college or retirement fund. (6)Using subtle tactics to tempt unwary consumers to borrow, credit-card companies have led consumers to hold more cards and to fork over a bigger and bigger fraction of their income to the companies.

Sentence 5 explains how debtors are affected by the rise in personal debt caused by credit card companies. They are affected by having to pay average of $1,000 a year in interest and fees alone which would make them struggle to afford other things like college or retirement fund. 

How does sentence 5 relate to the main idea of the paragraph?

A. Sentence 5 contradicts the main idea of the paragraph  

B. Sentence 5 elaborates the main idea of the paragraph

C. Sentence 5 negates the main idea of the paragraph

D. Sentence 5 emphasizes the main idea of the paragraph

#materiUTBK2024 #LiterasiBahasaInggris#CohesionAndCoherence

Cohesion

Cohesion from Lat. “cohaesionem” – to stick together

is the grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds a text together and gives it meaning. 

4 Components of Cohesion :

1. Repeated words

Example :

Music can be an effective study tool. Some people say that music helps them to relax and to focus better on what they are learning. Some studies show that many students actually perform better when they listen to Beethoven and Mozart while studying.

2. Reference

Example :

Anne walked in and sat down. She picked up a newspaper.

John sipped his coffee.

He got breakfast in the morning. It was very delicious.

3. Substitution

Example :

Drinking alcohol before driving is illegal in many countries, since doing so can seriously impair one's ability to drive safely.

Jack’s car is very old and ugly. He should get a nicer one.

I challenge you to win the game before I do! 

4. Transition signals

Example

When the Titanic sank, many died because there were too few lifeboats. As a result, federal authorities required that ships carry enough lifeboats to save everyone on board.

List of transition signals :

1. Examples :

For example

For instance

Such as

To illustrate

To demonstrate

Namely 

2. Summarize :

To conclude

In conclusion

To sum up

Summing up

3. Contrast

However

Nevertheless

But

Yet

In contrast

On the other hand

Whereas 

4. Compare

Similarly

Likewise

Similar to

Same as

Just like

Not only … but also

#materiUTBK2024 #LiterasiBahasaInggris#CohesionAndCoherence

Phrasal Verb
A phrasal verb is a combination of words consisting of a verb and a preposition, or a verb and an adverb that give a different meaning to the original verb.

#materiUTBK2024 #LiterasiBahasaInggris#Semantics

Word Substitution
A word substitution is substituting a word or phrase that has the same meaning or context with another word or phrase in the same language. 

Read the text carefully!

Fashion is an entity that knows no boundaries. From an outsider’s perspective, the industry can <b>appear</b> to be all about runway models and celebrity endorsements which are often uninspired but it's counteracted by unbelievable talent, on-style trends and clothing so fashion-forward that we can’t help but jump on the bandwagon. Fashion superpowers Milan, London, New York and Paris have paved the way for the rest of the world to follow suit – pardon the pun – and now Asia is under the spotlight for new quirky trends that have the industry in awe. So much more than kimonos and knock-off handbags, Asia is taking over the industry so grab a front-row seat to the show and get ahead of the curve before someone beats you to it. From the glittering street-style in Seoul to the outrageous cartoonish outfits in Harajuku, cutting-edge clothing is found throughout this glorious continent. 

Adapted from: https://www.wingedboots.co.uk/magazine/why-asia-is-the-new-fashion-capital-of-the-world 

Which of the following is best to replace the word appear in the second sentence?

a. Arise  

b. Emerge 

c. Show 

d. Occur  

e. Seem 

The word “appear” is the synonym of arise, emerge, show, and seem. However, this kind of question asks us to find the word substitution. In order to find it, we have to choose the right word that has the same meaning or context with the word “appear”. 

The word “appear” is stated in the sentence “From an outsider’s perspective, the industry can appear to be all about runway models and celebrity endorsements ….” (Dari sudut pandang orang luar, industri ini dapat dilihat atau tampak seperti hal yang berkaitan dengan model atau dukungan selebriti…).

Option E (seem) is the best answer because it has the same meaning with the word “appear”. 

Appear & seem mean “to show up” or “to come in sight”. 

#materiUTBK2024 #LiterasiBahasaInggris#Semantics

Word Meaning

A word meaning explains the meaning of something (word or phrase). It may sound similar with synonym, but actually it’s different. 

Synonym : 

Respondents = Interviewees 

Word meaning :

Respondents = Those who participate in a survey

Example :

Why recycling is so hard 

(1) Why is getting Americans to recycle more so challenging? First, many of them don’t understand waste problems and recycling strategies. Few are aware of the environmental problems waste causes, and most have a hard time connecting individual actions to those problems.

(2) Most people don’t know where their waste goes, whether it includes recyclables or what can be made from them. They may know what day to put out curbside trash and recycling, but are unsure which materials the companies accept. In a 2019 survey of 2,000 Americans, 53% erroneously believed greasy pizza boxes could be recycled, and 68% thought the same for used plastic utensils.

(3) Another 39% of respondents cited inconvenience and poor access to recycling facilities as major barriers. California pays a 5- to 10-cent redemption fee for each beverage container, but the facilities often are inconvenient to reach. For example, the closest to my home in Los Angeles is eight miles away, which can involve driving for an hour or more. That’s not worth it for the few cans my family produces.

(4) Most U.S. consumers are opposed to pollution, of course, but research shows that they seldom view themselves as significant contributors. As taxpayers, they hold local governments responsible for recycling. Many are not sure what happens next, or whether their actions make a difference.

(adapted from: https://theconversation.com/how-to-boost-recycling-reward-consumers-with-discounts-deals-and-social-connections-124389)

What does ‘recycle’ (paragraph 1) mean? 

A. Sorting waste into categories 

B. Compiling waste for later use 

C. Transforming waste into new objects 

D. An act of reducing waste pollution 

E. Contributing to waste management 

Pembahasan :

Tipe soal ini adalah Vocabulary Question yang berfokus pada Word Meaning atau arti/definisi kata. Soal ini bertujuan untuk mencari definisi dari kata recycle yang ada pada paragraf ke-1 bacaan diatas.

Petunjuk definisi recycle terdapat di paragraf ke-2, yakni what can be made from them yang berarti apa yang bisa dibuat dari sampah. Sehingga, dapat disimpulkan bahwa recycle berarti menciptakan sesuatu yang baru dari sampah

Opsi A (Sorting waste into categories) yang berarti menyortir sampah ke dalam kategori tertentu adalah tidak tepat, karena merupakan proses dari recycle, bukan definisinya. 

Opsi B (Compiling waste for later use) atau mengumpulkan sampah untuk digunakan kemudian adalah tidak tepat.

Opsi D (An act of reducing waste pollution) atau aksi mengurangi polusi sampah adalah salah, karena merupakan tujuan recycle, bukan definisinya.

Opsi E (Contributing to waste management) atau berkontribusi dalam menanggulangi sampah salah karena bukan definisi recycle.

Jawaban yang benar adalah C (Transforming waste into new objects), yang berarti mengubah sampah menjadi benda baru.

#materiUTBK2024 #LiterasiBahasaInggris#Semantics

Antonym

An antonym is a word that has a contrast or opposite meaning with another word in the same language. There are 3 types of antonyms:

1. Relational antonym consists of word pairs that show the relationship between two opposites, but one cannot exist without the other.

Example :

Child - parent  (there can’t be a child without a parent)

Husband - wife (to be a husband, you must have a wife)

Doctor - patient

Teacher - student

Buy - sell

Give - receive

Borrow - lend

2. Complementary antonym has no middle ground between a word and its opposite. It is absolute.

Example:

Right - wrong (it can't be right or wrong at the same time)

True - false

Boy - girl

Entrance - exit

Push - pull

Dead - alive

Exterior - interior

3. Gradable antonym is an antonym that can be scaled. It typically consists of pairs of adjectives that can be qualified by adverbs, such as very, quite, extremely, etc.

For example, we can say the tickets were expensive or the tickets were cheap. However, as expensive and cheap are gradable (not absolute) antonyms, we can also qualify how expensive or cheap they were :

- The tickets were surprisingly expensive / The tickets were very expensive / The tickets were quite expensive.

- The tickets were incredibly cheap / The tickets were rather cheap / The tickets were undeniably cheap.

Further examples are :

Young - elderly

Hard - easy

Friendly - unfriendly

Hot - cold

Wet - dry

Interesting - boring

Tips for Antonym

1. Expand your vocabulary by reading more books, articles, news, or watching movies using English subtitles. You can also learn from the Thesaurus, a special dictionary containing synonyms and antonyms.

2. Try to apply new vocabulary in your daily life.

Exercise:

1. Which of the following words means the opposite of ‘commence’?

A. Begin

B. Refresh

C. Join

D. Stop

E. Break

Pembahasan:

Commence artinya memulai, jadi lawan kata atau antonim dari commence adalah berhenti; selesai.

Opsi A kurang tepat karena begin artinya memulai. Oleh karena itu, begin merupakan sinonim dari commence, bukan antonim.

Opsi B salah karena refresh artinya menyegarkan.

Opsi C kurang tepat karena join artinya ikut.

Opsi D tepat karena stop artinya berhenti.

Opsi E salah karena break artinya istirahat.

2. What is the antonym of ‘arrogant’? 

A. Friendly

B. Innocent

C. Superior

D. Bright

E. Careful

Pembahasan:

Arrogant artinya sombong; angkuh. Antonim atau  lawan kata yang tepat untuk arrogant adalah ramah; rendah hati; tidak sombong.

Opsi A tepat karena friendly artinya ramah.

Opsi B tepat karena innocent artinya polos; tidak berdosa.

Opsi C tepat karena superior artinya angkuh; sombong. Oleh karena itu, superior merupakan sinonim dari arrogant, bukan antonim.

Opsi D tepat karena bright artinya cerdas; cemerlang; bijaksana.

Opsi E tepat karena careful artinya cermat; teliti.

#materiUTBK2024 #LiterasiBahasaInggris#Semantics

Semantics

A synonym is a word that has the same or nearly the same meaning with another word in the same language. Here is the list of words with their synonyms: 

Beautiful
 

attractive, pretty, lovely, stunning
 

Funny 
 

humorous, comical, hilarious, hysterical
 

Intelligent 
 

smart, bright, brilliant, sharp
 

Strong 
 

stable, secure, solid, tough
 

Kind 
 

thoughtful, considerate, amiable, gracious
 

Angry 
 

mad, furious, irate
 

Rich 
 

affluent, wealthy, well-off, well-to-do
 

Delicious 
 

yummy, tasty, succulent, delectable
 

Make 
 

construct, build, do, perform
 

Start 
 

begin, commence
 

Finish 
 

end, complete, terminate
 

Examples : 

The butterfly is beautiful = the butterfly is pretty

The cake was delicious = the cake was yummy

Once you find questions, such as:

- The underlined word has the closest in meaning to ...

- The underlined word can be replaced with ...

you are asked to find the synonym of the word. These questions are more contextual than the question 'The synonym of the underlined word is ...'. 

To answer them, do a double check before choosing the answer. You need to pay attention to the context/situation in order to choose the appropriate word. 

TIPS: 

1. Expand your vocabulary by reading more books, articles, news, or watching movies using English subtitles. You can also learn from the Thesaurus, a special dictionary containing synonyms and antonyms.

2. Remember, to find the right synonym, you have to pay attention to the situation and conditions because not all synonym words are interchangeable or have the same meaning and connotation.

3. Try to replace one word with another. If the meaning is the same, it means they are interchangeable or have the exact same meaning.

4. Try to apply new vocabulary in your daily life.

Contoh soal

1. The synonym of effort is...

A. attempt

B. chance

C. choice

D. goal

E. achievement

Pembahasan :

Effort artinya usaha; upaya

- Jawaban A benar karena attempt artinya percobaan; usaha

- Jawaban B salah karena chance artinya kesempatan

- Jawaban C salah karena choice artinya pilihan

- Jawaban D salah karena goal artinya tujuan; sasaran; cita-cita

- Jawaban E salah karena achievement artinya prestasi; pencapaian

2. The royal wedding was the talk of the town this week due to the lavish and luxurious decorations.

Which if the following is a synonym for the word "lavish"?

A. Lithe

B. Odious

C. Opaque

D. Opulent

E. Atocious 

Pembahasan :

Lavish dalam konteks ini artinya mewah; royal

- Jawaban A salah karena lithe artinya lentur; luwes

- Jawaban B salah karena odious artinya menjijikkan

- Jawaban C salah karena opaque artinya buram; kabur; kusam

- Jawaban D benar karena opulent artinya mewah; makmur; berlimpah

- Jawaban E salah karena atrocious artinya mengerikan; kejam; jahat

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Modus

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Median

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Mean

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